Integrated Design Process

What is an Integrated Design Process?

Building systems are interdependent and require cooperation and creative thinking across disciplines. An integrated design process identifies opportunities to achieve synergies across disciplines and building systems throughout the planning and design phases and beyond.^[1] For example, decision-making about building shape, orientation, and window placement relates to several green building considerations and relies on the knowledge of multiple disciplines; these building envelope strategies impact heating and cooling loads as well as occupant satisfaction and even productivity, a function of thermal comfort and daylighting.^[2] With an integrated design process that considers these multiple benefits, and sometimes trade-offs among them, it is much more likely that the building performs as intended and achieves projected cost savings.

Many green building strategies also convey resiliency benefits or “the ability to prepare and plan for, absorb, recover from, and more successfully adapt to adverse events.”^[3] At the building level, these include an emphasis on daylighting, superior insulation values, thermal massing and on-site renewable energy, and water harvesting. These strategies reduce the need for electricity for lighting, cooling and other critical functions, making buildings more resilient to power outages and disruptive events.

A successfully integrative design process challenges project teams to design, build, and manage high-performance homes that are both green and resilient.

Table 1. A Comparison of a Conventional and Integrated Design Process

How to Implement an Integrated Design Process

A truly integrated design process includes ongoing interactions among the entire project team and uses tools and modeling software to support and reinforce design integration.

The following are standards and guidelines for incorporating an integrated design process.The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) Integrative Process (IP) – ANSI Consensus National Standard Guide© – Design and Construction of Sustainable Buildings and Communities identify best practices for developing an integrated process.^[4]

• The American Institute of Architect (AIA) Integrated Project Delivery (IPD) outlines a step-by-step process for client, design, and construction teams to achieve IPD goals.^[5]
• LEED v4 Homes and Multifamily Midrise credit requirements for the Integrative Process include the following three options:^[6]
  • Form an interdisciplinary “Integrative Project Team” that meets regularly throughout the different phases of the building project.
  • Hold a “Design Charrette” with the project team.
  • Hold a “Trades Training” on green project aspects before construction begins.
• RELi,^[7] a national consensus standard for resilient design, requires a “Panoramic Approach” that includes “Pre-Planning and Discovery” and “Systems Thinking Design.”^[8]

Example

Bridgeton Revitalization Project, Bridgeton, NJ.

The Bridgeton Revitalization Project used an integrated design process to incorporate green affordable housing into the town’s historic district. Several public meetings were held throughout the project to garner support and to gather input from residents, neighbors and staff of the local housing authority.^[9] The project’s unique historic location made it important to involve private stakeholders and experts early in the process, especially to coordinate the project’s utility and street improvements.^[10] A whole building approach encouraged the engineers, the builder and the architect to consider sustainable materials and systems in all aspects of the project.^[11]

This process not only created greener affordable housing for the municipality, it also ensured that the people who would be living in or near the new buildings were actively involved in determining the form that the development would take. This example illustrates how an integrated design process can help address both environmental and social issues related to a new residential development and result in a successful project.

Benefits

Early coordination regarding the interactions of complex building systems can maximize effectiveness and output of these systems and reduce total project costs.^[12]

An integrated design process can result in a project that:

• Increases the opportunity to achieve more aggressive sustainability goals
• Optimizes energy efficiency and incorporates alternative energies
• Recognizes and plans for synergies between green building and resilient design
• Moves beyond minimizing environmental impacts to creating positive, regenerative impacts on the environment
• Maximizes cost effectiveness

Costs

The integrated design process can both minimize incremental capital cost and result in operational savings. Capital cost can be redistributed to achieve high-performance goals without incremental costs. For example, the opportunity to eliminate or reduce the size of equipment or systems can offset the higher first cost of some energy efficiency strategies.  An integrated approach can also reduce operational expenditures through increased communication amongst the project team, resulting in a more efficient design.

Costs associated with an integrated design process may include things like additional consultant fees to facilitate a goal-setting workshop and time and associated costs of having project team members participate in additional meetings and coordination.

Resiliency

An integrated design process provides an opportunity for project teams to incorporate resilient design strategies into green building practice. Project teams may want to consider the following when identifying and evaluating green building strategies that also offer resiliency benefits.^[13]

1. Understand regional impacts: Identify climate impacts for the building’s location.
2. Evaluate performance targets: Understand how the building performs under current peak climate conditions.
3. Conduct a scenario analysis: Analyze how the building responds to projected climate impacts, modeling different system options under a variety of climatic conditions.
4. Consider resilient deign strategies: Evaluate resilient design strategies that provide passive or efficient responses to more extreme climate events such as higher or lower temperatures, greater wind speeds, and increased or decreased precipitation levels, to maintain occupant comfort while preventing increased energy use.

^[1] USGBC LEED v4 for Building Design and Construction. (Updated April 6, 2018). Credit. Integrative Process. Page 10. https://new.usgbc.org (accessed June 10, 2018).

^[2] City of New York Department of Design and Construction. 1999. “High Performance Building Guidelines.” Page 17. http://www1.nyc.gov/site/ddc/resources/publications.page#sustainable (accessed June 11, 2018).

^[3] National Academy of Sciences. 2012. Disaster Resilience: A National Imperative. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press.

^[4] Integrative Process (IP)© ANSI Consensus National Standard Guide© February 2, 2012, for Design and Construction of Sustainable Buildings and Communities. https://webstore.ansi.org (Search: Integrative Process)

^[5] American Institute of Architects (AIA). 2007. Integrated Project Delivery (IPD) Integrated Project Delivery: A Guide by the AIA and the AIA California Council. Version 1. http://aiad8.prod.acquia-sites.com/sites/default/files/2017-02/Integrated%20Project%20Delivery%20Guide.pdf (accessed June 10, 2018).

^[6] USGBC. LEED v4 Homes and Multifamily Midrise (Updated Oct 2, 2017). Credit. Integrative Process. Page 7-8. https://new.usgbc.org (accessed June 11, 2018).

^[7] The RELI Action List is a resource included in the RELi Green + Resilient Property Underwriting Standard. At the time of this publication, the USGBC was working to synthesize the LEED Resilient Design pilot credits with RELi’s Hazard Mitigation and Adaptation credits.

^[8] The C3 Living Design Project – RELi Standards and Action List http://c3livingdesign.org/?page_id=13783 (accessed June 10, 2018).

^[9] Affordable Housing Design Advisor (AHDA). New Jersey Institute of Technology (NJIT). Bridgeton Revitalization. https://web.njit.edu/abs/green/bridgeton.htm (accessed March 20, 2018).

^[10] AHDA. NJIT. Bridgeton Revitalization.

^[11] Ibid.

^[12] ANSI/ASHRAE/USGBC/IES Standard 189.1-2014. Standard for the Design of High-Performance Green Buildings, Except Low-Rise Residential Buildings. https://ashrae.iwrapper.com/ViewOnline/Standard_189.1-2014 (accessed Feb 23, 2018).

^[13] NYC Mayor’s Office of Recovery and Resiliency. April 2018. Climate Resiliency Design Guidelines. Version 2.0. http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/orr/pdf/NYC_Climate_Resiliency_Design_Guidelines_v2-0.pdf (accessed June 11, 2018).